
Read in parts per million, these compounds burn gills even at tiny levels. During cycling, test daily and change water whenever ammonia or nitrite rises. If you use detoxifiers, understand they can skew some tests; consider free‑ammonia methods to separate genuinely toxic fractions from temporarily bound, less harmful forms.

Built up gradually from feeding and waste, these nutrients fuel algae when unchecked. Moderate nitrate can be tolerated; high levels stress fish and dull colors. Test weekly, prune plants, rinse filters gently, and refresh water on schedule to keep numbers predictable and growth healthy without constant scrubbing.

Stability beats chasing perfect digits. KH buffers pH against swings, while GH reflects essential calcium and magnesium. Many community fish thrive in a range if changes are slow. Use remineralizers, crushed coral, botanicals, or water blends to shape conditions thoughtfully, always testing before adjustments affect livestock or delicate biological filtration.